![]() In this review, we describe how it has recently become clear that to varying degrees, cone snail venoms also contain bioactive non-peptidic small molecule components. These venom components (“conotoxins, conopeptides”) have been widely studied in many laboratories, leading to pharmaceutical agents and probes. Prior characterization of cone snail venoms established that bioactive venom components used to capture prey, defend against predators and for competitive interactions were relatively small, structured peptides (10–35 amino acids), most with multiple disulfide crosslinks. Venomous molluscs (Superfamily Conoidea) comprise a substantial fraction of tropical marine biodiversity (>15,000 species). 4Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR/ CIMAR, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.3Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.2Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.1Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.Neves 4, Samuel Espino 1, Manju Karthikeyan 1, Baldomero M. Imperial 1, Jortan Tun 1, Helena Safavi-Hemami 1,2, Rocio K. Torres 1, Maren Watkins 1, Noemi Paguigan 1, Changshan Niu 1, Julita S.
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